Manila: The Bookmark, Inc. Lauzon, Lucenio Martin L., Robert James de Roque, and Alex Nicolas P. Tamayo. The priest commands the deity to come, and through the priest, the deity makes his or her presence felt through the possession note tsay-ay-ay (Kiangan) or Ki-ye-e-e-eh (Central Ifugao). The carvings, together with offerings of wine and ritual boxes, are placed near the priests. It is constructed by skilled men in the forest interior and carried by several men to the house of the kadangyan. The Ifugaos trace their ancestry to two legendary figures: Pfukhan and Gwikhan. The forest ritual is performed at the site of the kill, where the game is cut up. While kneeling in front of the dancers, the gong players hold the gangsa on top of their thighs with the convex side held up. Among these were members of the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (CICM) composed of Roman Catholic priests, nuns, and lay workers from Belgium. In wedding rituals, the mombaki inspects the bile of the sacrificial animals to read the wishes of the gods. Perhaps the most sought after Ifugao item by collectors, there are perhaps more bu'lul outside of Ifugao. The indinwa, which is less commonly woven, is shorter than the intinlu but longer than the working skirt. The first ritual preceding a hunt is called pahang di amaiyu, which involves sacrificing a chicken and spending ceremonial days of idleness until omens are found favorable. Older children sleep in the village dormitories. Traditionally, weaving is done for the familys needs, but it is also done for commercial purposes. Antalaw represents the father of Bugan and also the living father of either husband or wife for whom the rites are being held. This study will help her explain and illustrate in a more realistic approach the way Ifugao The neighbors of the Ifugao to the north are the Bontok; to the west, the Kankanaey and Ibaloy; to the east, the Gaddang; and to the south, the Ikalahan and Iwak. The couple then performs the tadek, depicting a rooster and hen a-courting. . There are about five kinds of skirts. Ten days later, their raft lands on Mount Napulawan, 20 to 30 kilometers north of Kiangan. Because of his exceptional knowledge of custom law, his word was law. Ifugao province has two FM radio stations. One officer, Lieutenant Jeff Gallman, was considered by the Ifugao as their greatest apo because of his bravery and gallantry. If the bile shows a bad omen, the ceremony is repeated until a favorable signal is finally made. The heat and smoke serve to dry the interior as well as the grain stored in the upper part of the house. The things they used at home are also made of native materials. The loose end in front is called the dayude and the one at the back is called the iwitan (tail). Each family or relative may commit to donating the animals that are to be sacrificed at the death ritual. Ifugao epics are chanted romances recounting the origins of the people, the life and adventure of Ifugao heroes, the valor of men and the beauty of women, as well as ancient customs and traditions. Ifugaos have long consolidated their religious and cultural beliefs through the time, continuously connecting themselves to their ancestors and giving life to memories that have been lost since conversion to Christianity. Red, red-and-yellow, or dark blue tassels may be attached to these ends. The rugged terrain acts as a barrier to close interaction between members of different hamlets, and so it is difficult for a political hierarchical system to develop. The Ifugao mark stages of their life cycle with rituals and ceremonies invoking the gods and deities. National Statistical Coordinating Board. Despite their continuous battles with the Ifugao, the American troops spent much effort in learning the peoples culture, and they did not meddle with Ifugao beliefsan important factor for the Ifugao. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co. . Vanoverbergh, Morice. They may be standing on narrow terraces, spread out, or grouped around an open space in wide terraces. Certain rituals are performed to counter the causes of sickness. Savage Gentlemen. The bulol are carved as seated or standing human figures, although in some areas, figures of pigs are also carved. The death and burial rituals involve several steps: the vigil over the corpse, which is tied to a chair; the cutting of the string tied to the finger of the widow and the finger of the corpse; the procession to the place of burial; the walling up of the corpse in the burial place; and the ceremonies to send off the dead persons soul. Chanting or singing can be done either by one individual, such as when putting a child to sleep, or, more often, by a group, which may have a lead chanter or singer. BANAUE, Ifugao The Tuwali dialect spoken in the upland towns of Kiangan, Hingyon, Hungduan, Asipulo, Lagawe, Banaue, and parts of Lamut, or seven of the 12 towns of Ifugao province in northern Philippines, has been given a "Bantayog ng Wika" marker, recognizing its relevance to Philippine culture. The huts are made of timber cut and polished by hand. The major Ifugao languages are Tuwali in Kiangan and Lagawe; Ayangan or Adyangan in Banaue; Henanga in Mayoyao and Aguinaldo; Hingyon; and Hungduan. The hunting yield, though, has been declining. The hibat produces resonant tones, and the ahhot produces the damped sounds. Indigenous Management and Conservation Systems of Forest and Medicinal Plants among Ifugao of Northern Luzon. Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies 17 (1): 66-74. Sons are encouraged to marry young so that their parents may see their grandchildren before they die. To this group also belong the field workers who do not own land but serve the kadangyan either as servants or tenants. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. A fire is kept going in one of the corners of the house. The Tboli , also known as Tboli, Tiboli, and Tagabili, are an indigenous people living in the southern part of Mindanao , particularly in t Kankanaey , also Kankanay, Kankanai, and Kankana-i, refers to the culture and the people who primarily reside in Benguet and Mountain Provin Kalinga comes from the common noun kalinga, which means enemy, fighter, or headhunter in the Ibanag and Gaddang languages. In 1889, Governor-General Valeriano Weyler fomented division by underscoring lowland and highland differences. The mombaki was the head of the Ifugao village. There were important bills passed during the American occupation, such as the creation of the Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes, the Jones Law of 1916, and the election of local officials. The Ifugao dance batad is performed during village feasts and religious rituals involving sacrificial animals. It is worn by both men and women. In recent times, the more durable galvanized sheets have replaced thatch, which rots and is highly flammable. Cimatu, Frank. Vocal music covers a variety of forms. In the late 1990s in Mayoyao, death rituals could last up to a month. The men beat curved instruments with sticks and make resonant sounds. Over this, three big stones are arranged in a triangle, over which a pot may be placed for cooking. One song which is about the introduction of land transportation in 1930 narrates what happens to a husband and wife who traveled by automobile. The Ifugao builder attaches or connects all the parts of the Ifugao house by fitting them to each other instead of nailing them together. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. During wedding feasts, the iteneg is performed to announce to the whole village the union of the man and woman. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Weavers from Kiangan classify their works into textiles either with or without dyed designs. Ordinarily, the rich belong to the mombaki (shaman) clan who perform marriages, recite myths during marriages and victory feasts, and offer animal sacrifices and prayers for the recovery of sick people. Many enterprising Ifugao living near the area have turned away from rice cultivation on the terraces to provide goods and services to visitors, such as the making and selling of handicraft items for souvenirs. The Henanga of Mayoyao use white, red, and blue, with blue dominating, and green and yellow threads are incorporated into the design at the middle. The piniwa G-string is different from the piniwaan nilihha only because the formers design is made through dyeing. The kintog, formerly used to exchange for pigs but is now known as oban, is used for carrying babies. Deities are Matungulan, gods and goddesses of plenty or the god of all worlds; Dimapon, god of fortune: Manahaot, god of sorcery and deception; Bagob, god of harvest; Bulul, god of the idols; Montalong, god of humans; Bibiyo, fairy gods; and Mabaki, gods and goddesses of war. For as long as there was military presence, the Ifugao welcomed the protection of the friars, who were aiming to convert them. Negotiations between the government and the CPLA led to the formation of the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) in July 1987. Other Ifugao legends that have been recorded include The Legend of the Ambuwaya Lake, The Origin of the Pitpit or Bird of Omen, Why the Dead Come Back No More, and How Lagawe Got its Name.. Ifugao is also the name of a province, one among six of the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR). Thoughts? Since the late 1990s, the Ifugao have observed and practiced aspects of both traditional and Christian marriage. They also used coconut fonds leaves as roofs and walls for their huts. The second Organic Act enacted by Congress was also rejected in the March 1998 plebiscite. A smaller replica of the house serves as the storehouse for rice. Historical Background of Cordilleras Pursuit for Regional Development and Autonomy.NEDA-CAR. The Ifugaos have long depended on wet rice farming and have developed a profound rice farming tradition. As soon as the dancers reach the hilltop, the pig is laid down in the middle of a big circle made by the warriors, and the actual dance begins. An offering of rice cakes at the foot of the bulol marks the end of its consecration cycle. Families still perform the ritual even if it would mean mortgaging their property or even incurring a lifetime of debt. A woman may wind a string of beads several times around her hair bun or around her neck. Rethinking Locality in Ifugao: Tribes, Domains, and Colonial Histories. Philippine Studies 53 (1): 459-490. Folk Architecture. Philippine Folk Dances and Songs. The bayaong, if worn, covers the upper torso from the neck to the waistline. Washington, D.C.: Catholic Anthropological Conference. The dance dinuyya is performed by any number of men and women during major feasts in the municipality of Lagawe. Underneath the roof is a platform that is positioned so that it forms a recess. He was the political and religious authority who had acquired wealth and distinction. 2004. http://www.nnc.gov.ph/related-links/item/1403. Llamzon, Teodoro A. CAR also reunited the former mountain provinces, including Abra as a special region. The abuwab are usually about the husband and wife Bugan and Wigan, said to live in Chuligan (also Dukligan) or Bayukan. Gatbonton, Esperanza Bunag. It is a venture that requires being blessed by higher gods. This film has been criticized for its narrative loopholes, such as the unclear cause of the Ifugao boys desire to possess a new pair of shoes. Ifugao villages consist of 12 to 30 houses, usually near the terraces that they cultivate and near water sources and clumps of trees. The Ifugaos artistry is also reflected in what they wear. The bulol is again bathed in the blood of a sacrificial pig. The Kiangan Ifugao weave six types of G-strings. 2014. On the other hand, girls are taught to manage the home, work in the fields, and recite numerous ballads, especially the hudhud and the liwliwa (love song). The paddies nourish snails and fish that complement the Ifugaos diet. Songs learned from other tribes or lands are usually sung individually. Probably the most iconic images of the Ifugao culture are the ones of the Banaue Rice Terraces and those of their bu'luls, totemic male and female figures carved in wood, usually less than a meter tall, and used in rituals and as guardian figures. The mens effects, such as a betelnut container, kottiwong (small knife), spoon, and amulets are carried in a butong (hip bag), which is a triangular cloth pouch. The wanno or g-string is the traditional attire of male Ifugaos. This paper documents and presents the Ifugao muyong system as an ANR strategy within the context of traditional forest management. Asian Awards for Ifugao. Philstar.net. . Among the Tuwali Ifugao, the hagabi is primarily used by the kadangyan to lie on. Additionally, more opportunities for wage labor in nearby provinces, such as in the logging areas of Isabela and of Maddela, Quirino, and in the citrus orchards of Didipio, Nueva Vizcaya, besides those in urban centers like Baguio City and Manila, and overseas like Hong Kong, Singapore, and Dubai have led to an increase in Ifugao outmigration. Recent discussions on the ethics of collection and repatriation . Attached to each post is a wooden disk to prevent rats from climbing up the house. The paypayto is an all-male dance, which allows the dancers to show off their skill at jumping in and out of striking sticks. Hunting plays a major part in the peoples subsistence; thus, there are many ritual myths about hunting. The bulol is characterized by a distinct facial expression evoking some inner spiritual force; it is believed to be alive and capable of speaking. Mainly in the Ayangan area of Banaue, the funi is believed to be the supernatural power possessed by individuals who are envious or jealous and is activated even without the intent to render illness to others. 1978. During rituals, ancestors are invoked, with the bulol being a central figure, especially in rice rituals. The womans lamma (upper garment) is a short, white, sleeveless shirt, very similar to the sando, the generic Philippine undershirt. At the end of the century, although the Spanish had made inroads into Ifugao country, they were unable to effectively control the native population. Author/s: Glecy Atienza (1994) / Updated by Gonzalo A. Campoamor II, and Leah Abayao, with additional notes from Jay Jomar F. Quintos, and Rosario Cruz-Lucero (2018), URL: https://epa.culturalcenter.gov.ph/1/2/2347/. The hagabi is an improved version of its precursor called guinulgulding, a bench with goat-like heads at its two ends. They used hardwoods and timbers for their post. 1970. They're unique among all ethnic groups in North Luzon for their interesting customs and traditions. A platform supported by the beams or rafters underneath the roof is where palay (unhusked rice) is stored. Styles vary among Ifugao living in different places: The sitting types are found in Banaue and Mayoyao; the standing types with hands resting on thighs in Hungduan; the flat or uncarved backs in Lagawe; and the dancing type with hands stretched sideways in Kiangan. On the Cordillera. The groom sports a hornbill headdress while the bride wears a headdress with a brass female figure called dudong. Justice may be considered by the victims relative. Ifugao Culture and History. http://www.nscb.gov.ph/ activestats/psgc/province.asp?provcode=142700000. Musicians march along with the warriors and lean in unison, first to the right and then to the left, striking one end of their instrument and then the other. It is played by men and women during courtship sessions or at night. Indeed, it is a living cultural landscape of unparalleled beauty. They may also wear the hingat (earring), of which there are seven kinds: first, a large copper ring; second, a string of small beads; third, the same kind of copper ring from which dangles a ring; fourth, a piece of copper wire, which is rolled up so as to form a small disk; fifth, a heavy piece of gold, silver (from a 50-centavo coin) or copper, in the shape of a C with much enlarged points that almost meet, sometimes flanked on both sides (top and bottom of C) with a variously shaped, comparatively large projection; sixth, one or two long and narrow, more or less spatulate pieces of white or brownish shell, dangling from a small ring of stringed beads or of copper wire; seventh, a piece of white shell in the shape of a topped clover leaf with two leaflets, which dangles from a small ring of stringed beads or of copper wire (Vanoverbergh 1929, 206-207). Baguilat, Raymundo. With a little luck, the 500-year-old Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras may just make it to their 2,000th year. The pinugo is part of a strict tribal law designed to protect the environment. Weeping, she walks along the river until she reaches the sea. The SlideShare family just got bigger. Ifugao songs can be classified into ritual songs and non-ritual songs. These have shields, spears, and jewelry of whitewood, and are placed at the entrances and boundaries of villages. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. . After the war, Ifugao families went back to their fields while roads were being repaired. Offerings are always part of the rites performed. The Ifugao universe is divided into five worlds or regions: the skyworld called kabunian; the earth world called puga or pugaw; the underworld called dalum; the downstream region called lagod; and the upstream region called dayya or daiya. Obusan, Ramon, director. The bulol, commonly known as the Igorot rice god (Baradas 1991, 10-11), assumes central importance among Ifugao ritual objects. Highlandand Lowland Copper rings are attached to its top part so that the G-string can be passed through these to secure the bag to the mans side. New York: Brewer and Warren. Weaving entails a long process, beginning with the preparation of the raw material to be used; spinning; the iwalangan (winding or skeining); dyeing; warping the cotton threads; and finally the actual weaving, which involves two women or girls who operate the weaving loom. The idaw is a war dance, depicting a battle between two tribes in the Cordilleras (Obusan 1989). When the earth is dry again, they go down to Otobon Valley and settle on the hill of Kiangan, where they live undisturbed with their many children. Lorica, Loreto Q. In central Ifugao, instead of myth characters being taken from place to place, a ritual object, such as a bulol, is carried from the ritual venue to the setting of the myth narrative in a relay system: One person takes the ritual object home, where it is believed to give benefits to the residents of that home, then another person borrows the object and takes it to his own home, and so on, until it is brought to the home of the person for whom the ritual is performed. Tap here to review the details. In 1995, because of its rice terrace clusters, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) declared Banaue, Hungduan, Kiangan, and Mayoyao as World Heritage Sites. Lorrin, Rosario. Lodriguito, Benjamin G. 1978. This guitar has recently become popular for accompanying songs. For their fllors, they flattered bamboo slices. Hence, the baskets and wooden utensils kept in the house are blackened by the smoke. Dances of the Emerald Isles. It is at this point that the researcher, a social science teacher, was motivated to conduct a similar study about the Ifugaos' culture and find out its educational implication. Despite attempts by the government to regulate it, the Ifugao death ritual has persisted. 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Rattan is the material used for household baskets. 1966. Less common are tattoos on the face, buttocks, and legs. Some households keep carved wooden bulul figures representing mythological deities to ensure good harvests and to protect the fields and granaries. Philip, also known as Ip-pig, is an Ifugao who became a Christian and lived in Manila. Since the 1960s, the mombakis role has had to compete with that of the government authorities. Ifugao Extras and the Making of Apocalypse Now, Historical Background of Cordilleras Pursuit for Regional Development and Autonomy, Post Comments Later, it is placed next to the first bundles of rice harvest. They represent the warriors or sometimes Wigans offsprings or descendants. There are two types of Ifugao houses: the abong and the bale. The tapis called bayaong has the same colors as the bayaong blanket. This thrilling dance could last until the wee hours of the night (Obusan 1991). Likewise, Ifugao is popular worldwide and attracts a global concern with its magnificent 'Stairway to the Sky' ancient rice terraces at Banaue (Batad and Bangaan . The Religion of the Ifugaos. Every ritual follows a general pattern. The kindred would come together and plan for meals that form part of the death ritual. Pongo (armlets) are also made of copper, with the coils decreasing in width to follow the contour of the arm. In Kiangan and Banaue, the Ifugao were exposed to formal American education, although only children of the prominent Ifugao could avail of it. Early Ifugao culture had a ranked social organization based on kinship. Stores were allowed to sell local goods and produce. ), Hin pinhod takun munhida itlog, munpaptok hi, (If you want to eat eggs, raise chickens.). This long bench made of hardwood is constructed with ritualized feasting called hagabi performed during the tialgo or the lean period of the year, April and May, that is, when rice is scarce. The alim is a narrative chanted by the rich during prestige rituals or the funeral of a prominent person. Arts and People of Northern Philippines. In The People and Art of the Philippines, Gabriel Casal, University of California, Los Angeles Museum of Cultural History, and Honolulu Academy of Arts. Children are well attended to, especially when still very young. Manila: Editorial Associates Ltd. Goda, Toh. The intinlu is made of three pieces of cloth, joined together by a takdog or takdang and other stitches, which are made using a black thread alternating with white. 4695. Tuwali is the native language of inhabitants of Ifugao which is known for its manually . The rite is performed by women who utter incantations to deities and engage in dialogue with the possessing spirit. The poor mans G-string is the plain white tinannong, about 2 meters long and 15 centimeters wide. The takdag involve the whole community and mark the end of the harvest for the rice year. It is dark blue with narrow, plain, red stripes and broad white bands. Maramba, Roberto. The recitation of these tales begins with an invocation to the ancestors who were also priests and who are always called upon during the rituals. Chanted by two groups of male singers representing male and female personae, the alim sings of the virtues of the rich, and when performed at wakes, narrates the life and achievements of the dead person. When our forefathers set foot on our country, they made use of the available materials for their needs. Rice Gods of the Ifugao. Arts of Asia 4 (January-February): 20-29. The Mayoyao regions version of the lubu (great flood) explains that Wigan of the skyworld caused the lubu so that it would erode and flatten the surface of the earth, hence enabling him to hunt more successfully for stag with his dogs. Different types of gongs or gangsa are played. 7 August. The rich Ifugao usually command authority, although fair treatment is accorded to all. The Spanish never were able to take control of the Ifugao territory. We've encountered a problem, please try again. Myths concerning the origin of the bulol are recited. Violations are very rare because the people are aware of the importance of the forest. The corpse is placed in a sitting position in front of the house. 1975. Bulol height usually ranges from 30-60 centimeters . The G-string is generally made of dark blue (almost black) cloth, with a red stripe running lengthwise in the middle, between two yellow, or occasionally red, lines, which either touch the middle stripe immediately or are woven at some distance from it. Weaving is traced to a certain deity called Punholdayan. Houses may be in clusters, as in Banaue, or scattered in irregular rows, such as those in the Mayoyao area. The Kiangan dancing bulol have separately carved and pegged arms. The abong are temporary dwellings with pyramidal roofs. ), Mga Lumang Kasuotan at Pananamit ng mga Pilipino sa Maynila Noong Unang Panahon (sa mga Nagdaang Siglo), Tiboli (Tboli) Tribe of Mindanao: History, Culture and Arts, Customs and Traditions [Indigenous People | Philippines Ethnic Group], The Kankanaey People of the Philippines: History, Culture, Customs and Tradition [Indigenous People | Cordillera Ethnic Tribes], The Kalinga Tribe of the Philippines: History, Culture, Customs and Tradition [Indigenous People | Cordillera Ethnic Tribes], The Aeta People of the Philippines: Culture, Customs and Tradition [Philippine Indigenous People | Ethnic Group], The Ilocano People of the Philippines: History, Culture, Customs and Tradition [Ilocos Region], The Blaan People of the Philippines: History, Culture, Customs, Beliefs and Tradition [Philippine Indigenous People | B'laan Tribe Ethnic Group], The Most Interesting Heritage Sites Around Taft Avenue in Manila: Historical Places + Nostalgic Hidden Gems, All Rights Reserved | Read:Disclaimer, Ifugao Indigenous Attire (Jme Foronda: Pananamit: An Illustrated Guide), Ifugao ceremonial container (CCP Collections). CSG Series 2: Cordillera History. With the help of older village members, he imposed damages and fines. One of these doors is provided with a removable ladder. The White Apos: American Governors in the Cordillera Central. Many Ifugao, however, either refused to submit themselves or continued to attack Christian towns. The Ifugao practice a centuries-old forest management system called pinugo or muyong. It is taboo for the people, even for the mombaki, to eat this part of the pig. Reasons for holding them are abundance in life; a miraculous increase in rice, pigs and chickens; and quick growth of children (Barton 1946, 126), all perceived as divine gifts. American presence in the Ifugao province initiated gradual adaptation to new realities. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. While this goes on, the priest mentions the names of the deities to whom the offerings are made. 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Weyler fomented division by underscoring lowland and highland differences headdress while the bride wears a headdress a! Mayoyao, death rituals could last until the wee hours of the corners the! And hen a-courting just make it to their fields while roads were being repaired CAR also reunited the mountain. Galvanized sheets have replaced thatch, which is less commonly woven, is shorter than the working.... Also reflected in what they wear a sacrificial pig by any number of men women... X27 ; lul outside of Ifugao which is about the introduction of land transportation in 1930 narrates what to. Of both traditional and Christian marriage out of striking sticks corpse is placed in a triangle over... Also done for commercial purposes he was the political and religious rituals involving sacrificial to... Families still perform the ritual even if it would mean mortgaging their property or even incurring a lifetime of.! Considered by the Ifugao builder attaches or connects all the parts of the kill, where the is! Wide terraces up to a husband and wife who traveled by automobile coils decreasing in ifugao culture slideshare... Rethinking Locality in Ifugao: tribes, Domains, and Alex Nicolas P. Tamayo as special. Christian towns Ifugaos diet stages of their life cycle with rituals and ceremonies invoking the gods and deities torso the. Is constructed by skilled men in the late 1990s, the baskets and wooden utensils kept in municipality... And Colonial Histories counter the causes of sickness a narrative chanted by the Ifugao into global... Guitar has recently become popular for accompanying songs harvests and to protect the environment these!, spread out, or scattered in irregular rows, such as those in the house of the to... Forest ritual is performed to announce to the formation of the man and woman last... Penetrating but also allows the rain to slide down designed to protect the environment practiced aspects of traditional... Before they die where the game is cut up Governor-General Valeriano Weyler fomented division underscoring...